pp. Milano: Istituto editoriale Cisalpino. Manuwald, G. Cicero, "Philippics" 3-9: Edited with Introduction, Translation and Commentary. 2001. : "This was Cicero" (1964) p. 249, Rawson, E.: "Cicero, a portrait" (1975) p. 22, Everitt, A.: "Cicero: The Life and Times of Rome's Greatest Politician" (2001) p. 61. The passage is attributed to an unknown typesetter in the 15th century who is thought to have scrambled parts of Cicero 's De Finibus Bonorum et Malorum for use in a type specimen book. (1989) "Cicero and the 'Gang of Five'". "Would that he had been able to endure prosperity with greater self-control, and adversity with more fortitude!" [78], Cicero's exile caused him to fall into depression. [88] He was given instructions to keep nearby Cappadocia loyal to King Ariobarzanes III, which he achieved 'satisfactorily without war'. As it was the dominant advisory body to the various legislative assemblies rather than a judicial body, there were limits to its power; however, martial law was in effect, and it was feared that simple house arrest or exile – the standard options – would not remove the threat to the state. [139] Camille Desmoulins said of the French republicans in 1789 that they were "mostly young people who, nourished by the reading of Cicero at school, had become passionate enthusiasts for liberty". A contemporary of famous Roman politicians such as Julius Caesar and Pompey, Cicero is widely considered one of Rome's greatest orators and prose stylists. The Bogomils considered him a rare exception of a pagan saint. He wrote political essays such as De re publica (On the State) and De legibus (On the Laws) as well as five books in Latin on ancient philosophy – De finibus bonorum et malorum. 1983. The writings of Marcus Tullius Cicero constitute one of the most famous bodies of historical and philosophical work in all of classical antiquity. Ebből következően nincs értelmes jelentése, sokszor még maguknak a szavaknak sem (itt az elitnek például). Schäublin, C. Ãber Die Wahrsagung = De Divinatione : Lateinisch-Deutsch. Newton, B. P. Marcus Tullius Cicero: On Duties (Agora Editions). An impressive orator and successful lawyer, Cicero probably thought his political career was his most important achievement. New York: Oxford University Press. While I generally spell out the names and works of ancient authors, it … The villa was stripped of its fine frescoes and mosaics and then re-buried after 1763 – it has yet to be re-excavated. Tusculanes. "[138] Jefferson names Cicero as one of a handful of major figures who contributed to a tradition "of public right" that informed his draft of the Declaration of Independence and shaped American understandings of "the common sense" basis for the right of revolution. After Philo, Antiochus (c. 130 to c. 68 B.C.E.) 2008. [88][89] He served as proconsul of Cilicia from May 51, arriving in the provinces three months later around August. Lateinisch-Deutsch. According to Cassius Dio (in a story often mistakenly attributed to Plutarch),[112] Antony's wife Fulvia took Cicero's head, pulled out his tongue, and jabbed it repeatedly with her hairpin in final revenge against Cicero's power of speech. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Besides his activity in ameliorating the hard pecuniary situation of the province, Cicero was also creditably active in the military sphere. [84] The conference at Luca in 56 BC left the three-man alliance in domination of the republic's politics; this forced Cicero to recant and support the triumvirate out of fear from being entirely excluded from public life. A Commentary on Book I. Amsterdam: Hakkert. Originaltitel: De finibus bonorum et malorum von Marcus Tullius Cicero (ca. His voluminous correspondence, much of it addressed to his friend Atticus, has been especially influential, introducing the art of refined letter writing to European culture. [69] After demolishing Cicero's house, Clodius had the land consecrated and symbolically erected a temple of Liberty (aedes Libertatis) on the vacant spot. 1999. Cornelius Nepos, the 1st century BC biographer of Atticus, remarked that Cicero's letters contained such a wealth of detail "concerning the inclinations of leading men, the faults of the generals, and the revolutions in the government" that their reader had little need for a history of the period. 1876. Walsh, P.G. Pease, A.S. De Natura Deorum. Kinsey, T. E. (1980) "Cicero's case against Magnus, Capito and Chrysogonus in the, Manuwald, G. (2004) "Performance and Rhetoric in Cicero's. Although little is known about Cicero's mother, Helvia, it was common for the wives of important Roman citizens to be responsible for the management of the household. [94] Another large troop of Parthian horsemen was defeated by Cicero's cavalry who happened to run into them while scouting ahead of the main army. 1914. New York: Oxford University Press. & the Consolation of Philosophy (Philosophiae Consolationis) : Iv.5-7, V / Boethius. [58] His co-consul for the year, Gaius Antonius Hybrida, played a minor role. Fragmenta epistolarum (BT 1211, 1988). Molon helped Cicero hone the excesses in his style, as well as train his body and lungs for the demands of public speaking. He overestimated his popularity again several years later after being exiled from Italy and then allowed back from exile. At this time it would have been easy for Sulla to have the unknown Cicero murdered. 1998. 1970. Don't blame me for complaining. Tusculan Disputations. The passage is attributed to an unknown typesetter in the 15th century who is thought to have scrambled parts of Cicero's De Finibus Bonorum et Malorum for use in a type specimen book. His unique style of oratory set him apart from the flamboyant Hortensius. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. This book is a treatise on the theory of ethics, very popular during the Renaissance. [citation needed], Cicero received the honorific "pater patriae" for his efforts to suppress the conspiracy, but lived thereafter in fear of trial or exile for having put Roman citizens to death without trial. CD] The Extant Works of Aretaeus, The Cappadocian.. Francis Adams LL.D.. 163–64. We reference documents using the standard scholarly abbreviations. Ein Beitrag Zur Philosophischen Und Politischen Interpretation Von Ciceros Schrift De Legibus. 1949. Andere Gegenstände verdienten den Vorzug: Erstens hat Cicero schon sehr viel anderes geschrieben, zweitens bietet die Philosophie den lesenswertesteen Stoff. Ein Kommentar Zu Cicero, Lucullus 1-62. Ronnick, M. V. Paradoxa Stoicorum. Evelyn Shuckburgh), Quotes with Cicero's teachings on oratory, List of online translations of Cicero's works, Classics Collection (see: M. Tullius Cicero), Critical Editions and Translations of the Philosophical Works of Cicero, SORGLL: Cicero, In Catilinam I.1â3, read by Robert Sonkowsky, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Writings_of_Cicero&oldid=1003332270, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, Short description is different from Wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Marcus Junius Brutus called out Cicero's name, asking him to restore the republic when he lifted his bloodstained dagger after the assassination. Graver, M. Cicero on the Emotions. Revista Internacional de Derecho Romano (RIDROM) 10 (2013) 1–25. In the 50s BC, Cicero's letters to Terentia became shorter and colder. Cicero procured a senatus consultum ultimum (a recommendation from the senate attempting to legitimise the use of force)[58] and drove Catiline from the city with four vehement speeches (the Catiline Orations), which to this day remain outstanding examples of his rhetorical style. Cicero refused the invitation because he suspected it would undermine the Republic. Terentia was a strong willed woman and (citing Plutarch) "she took more interest in her husband's political career than she allowed him to take in household affairs."[38]. [130], Cicero was especially popular with the Philosophes of the 18th century, including Edward Gibbon, Diderot, David Hume, Montesquieu, and Voltaire. [169] Llewellyn, Handcock and Barnett re-teamed in the Doctor Who audio-drama Tartarus (also produced by Big Finish) starring Peter Davison as the 5th Doctor. New York: Clarendon Press. 2010. [102] He returned to Rome, still as a promagistrate with his lictors, in 47 BC, and dismissed them upon his crossing the pomerium and renouncing his command. Ad M. Brutum Orator. Lateinisch-Deutsch. Berkeley: University of California Press. [103] A letter Cicero wrote in February 43 BC to Trebonius, one of the conspirators, began, "How I could wish that you had invited me to that most glorious banquet on the Ides of March! Freiburg: Ploetz. Hamza, Gabor, Zur Interpretation des Naturrechts in den Werken von Cicero. His prosecution of Gaius Verres was a great forensic success[54] for Cicero. 2, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 2007, pp. Kommentar. Gildenhard, I. Paideia Romana. [153] However, contemporaneous descriptions of the building from the excavators combined with Cicero's own references to his Pompeianum differ, making it unlikely that it is Cicero's villa. H. and E.W. "[134][136], Internationally, Cicero the republican inspired the Founding Fathers of the United States and the revolutionaries of the French Revolution. 1976. and M. Seyffert. ), römischer Politiker, Anwalt, Schriftsteller und Philosoph Veröffentlichung: 45 v. Chr. New York: Oxford University Press. Giomini, R. Some of the items below include more than one speech. New York: Oxford University Press. He delivered the second and third orations before the people, and the last one again before the Senate. Shackleton-Bailey, D.R. Paris: Belles Lettres. [4] His extensive writings include treatises on rhetoric, philosophy and politics, and he is considered one of Rome's greatest orators and prose stylists. Eckhard, L. Philosophie Unter Der Tyrannis. While 37 books of his letters have survived into modern times, 35 more books were known to antiquity that have since been lost. [110] When his killers – Herennius (a centurion) and Popilius (a tribune) – arrived, Cicero's own slaves said they had not seen him, but he was given away by Philologus, a freedman of his brother Quintus Cicero. In Atticus's large library, Cicero read everything that the Greek philosophers had written about overcoming grief, "but my sorrow defeats all consolation. Gildenhard. King, J.E. 1998. [citation needed], He began his consular year by opposing a land bill proposed by a plebeian tribune which would have appointed commissioners with semi-permanent authority over land reform. A primeira linha de Lorem Ipsum, “Lorem Ipsum dolor sit amet…” vem de uma linha na seção 1.10.32. Brittain, C. On Academic Scepticism. 1948. Cicero, however, was taken completely by surprise when the Liberatores assassinated Caesar on the ides of March, 44 BC. [63], After the suppression of the conspiracy, Cicero was proud of his accomplishment. Teubner. [148], Cicero was declared a righteous pagan by the Early Church,[149] and therefore many of his works were deemed worthy of preservation. 2012. However, being a semi-invalid, he could not enter public life and studied extensively to compensate. Wissenschaftliche Kommentare zu griechischen und lateinischen Schriftstellern. 1920. Sharples, R.W. Indianapolis: Hackett. "This was Cicero" (1964) p. 296, Castren and Pietilä-Castren: "Antiikin käsikirja" /"Handbook of antiquity" (2000) p. 237, De Burgh, W.G., "The legacy of the ancient world". Cicero next defeated some robbers who were based on Mount Amanus and was hailed as imperator by his troops. Collection des universités de France. 2007. [146], Cicero also had an influence on modern astronomy. 1991. His indecision may be attributed to his sensitive and impressionable personality; he was prone to overreaction in the face of political and private change. 1987. wrote C. Asinius Pollio, a contemporary Roman statesman and historian. 2011. Tusculanae Disputationes. 1998. Collection des universités de France. Paris: Belles Lettres. 1885. However, his career as a statesman was marked by inconsistencies and a tendency to shift his position in response to changes in the political climate. In his following speeches, Cicero did not directly address Catiline. Everyone seemed to have abandoned Cicero. 1955. Lateinisch-Deutsch. Cicero returned to Italy on 5 August 57 BC, landing at Brundisium. De Finibus Bonorum Et Malorum: Libri Quinque. Cicero told the jury that they were the more likely perpetrators of murder because the two were greedy, both for conspiring together against a fellow kinsman and, in particular, Magnus, for his boldness and for being unashamed to appear in court to support the false charges. Cicero Series 01 – Big Finish Originals – Big Finish", "David Llewellyn – Contributions – Big Finish", "Scott Handcock – Contributions – Big Finish", Revista Internacional de Derecho Romano – Index, Works by Cicero at Perseus Digital Library, Horace MS 1b Laelius de Amicitia at OPenn, Lewis E 66 Epistolae ad familiares (Letters to friends), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cicero&oldid=1004719585, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from December 2020, Short description is different from Wikidata, Pages which use embedded infobox templates with the title parameter, Pages using infobox philosopher with embed equal yes, Articles with unsourced statements from December 2020, Articles with unsourced statements from March 2020, All articles needing additional references, Articles needing additional references from December 2016, Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers, Wikipedia articles with CANTIC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with CINII identifiers, Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers, Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. 2) [Aret. Cambridge: Cambridge Philological Society. It is alleged that Catiline had attempted to involve the Allobroges, a tribe of Transalpine Gaul, in their plot, but Cicero, working with the Gauls, was able to seize letters that incriminated the five conspirators and forced them to confess in front of the senate. Marcus Tullius Cicero was born on 3 January 106 BC in Arpinum, a hill town 100 kilometers (62 mi) southeast of Rome.He belonged to the tribus Cornelia. Wright, M.R. 2003. Later he was appointed proconsul of Syria and the province of Asia.[48]. Band 1: Buch I, 1-65 (A. D. Leeman, H. Pinkster, Hein L. Nelson, Edwin Rabbie, 1993); Band 2: Buch I, 166-265, Buch II, 1-98 (A. D. Leeman, H. Pinkster, Hein L. Nelson, Edwin Rabbie, 1985); Band 3: Buch II, 99-290 (A. D. Leeman, H. Pinkster, Hein L. Nelson, Edwin Rabbie, 1989); Band 4: Buch II, 291-367 /Buch III, 1-95 (A. D. Leeman, H. Pinkster, J. Wisse, H. L. Nelson, E. Rabbie, 1996). Urbana: University of Illinois.Two volumes: 1 (1920); 2 (1923). 1994. II. 1963. Cooper, C.G. Auvray-Assayas, C. La Nature Des Dieux. The Triumvirate began proscribing their enemies and potential rivals immediately after legislating the alliance into official existence for a term of five years with consular imperium. My afflictions surpass any you ever heard of earlier". [86] After this, a cowed Cicero concentrated on his literary works. Wilkins, A.S. Rhetorica, Tomus I: Libros De Oratore Tres Continens. Though he was an accomplished orator and successful lawyer, Cicero believed his political career was his most important achievement. Hamza, Gabor, Cicero und der Idealtypus des iurisconsultus. [85] After the conference Cicero lavishly praised Caesar's achievements, got the Senate to vote a thanksgiving for Caesar's victories and grant money to pay his troops. Index Verborum, Listes De Fréquence, Relevés Grammaticaux. Gigon O. und L. Straume-Zimmermann Vom Wesen Der Götter: Lateinisch-Deutsch. During the chaotic latter half of the 1st century BC marked by civil wars and the dictatorship of Gaius Julius Caesar, Cicero championed a return to the traditional republican government. This page was last edited on 4 February 2021, at 00:58. Ciceros Tusculanae Disputationes. Steinmetz, F-A. "Would that he had been able to endure prosperity with greater self-control and adversity with more fortitude!" They engineered the adoption of patrician Publius Clodius Pulcher into a plebeian family and had him elected as one of the ten tribunes of the plebs for 58 BC. Scholars note Cicero's influence on the rebirth of religious toleration in the 17th century. 1908. Afterwards he led his army against the independent Cilician mountain tribes, besieging their fortress of Pindenissum. [79] After the intervention of recently elected tribune Titus Annius Milo, acting on the behalf of Pompey who wanted Cicero as a client,[72] the senate voted in favor of recalling Cicero from exile. 1994. 1995. Octavian was Caesar's adopted son and heir. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Cicero also appears as a minor character in William Shakespeare's play Julius Caesar. By baring his neck and throat to the soldiers, he was indicating that he would not resist. [97] On his way back to Rome he stopped over in Rhodes and then went to Athens, where he caught up with his old friend Titus Pomponius Atticus and met men of great learning.[98]. [4][5], Cicero was declared a "virtuous pagan" by the early Church, and therefore many of his works were deemed worthy of preservation. One such example is found in the speech Against Verres I, where he states "with you on this bench, gentlemen, with Marcus Acilius Glabrio as your president, I do not understand what Verres can hope to achieve". Sandys, J.E. Cic.fin.1,37-42,3. Du Meilleur Genre D'orateurs. Achard, G. De L'invention. It took him 47 days to reduce the place, which fell in December. [citation needed] While the senatus consultum ultimum gave some legitimacy to the use of force against the conspirators,[b] Cicero also argued that Catiline's conspiracy, by virtue of its treason, made the conspirators enemies of the state and forfeited the protections intrinsically possessed by Roman citizens. De Re Publica, De Legibus. J.-C. (calendrier julien) à Formies, est un homme d'État romain, un avocat et un écrivain latin.. Citoyen romain issu de la bourgeoisie italienne, Cicéron n’appartient pas à la noblesse, ce qui en principe ne le destine pas à un rôle politique majeur. [125] [92] Previous governors had extorted enormous sums from the provincials in order to supply their households and bodyguards. J.-C. à Arpinum en Italie et assassiné le 7 décembre 43 av. Leiden: Brill. :"This was Cicero" (1964) p. 296, Castren and Pietilä-Castren: "Antiikin käsikirja" /"Handbook of antiquity" (2000) p. 237, M. Tullius Cicero, Orations: The fourteen orations against Marcus Antonius (Philippics) (ed. [16], Marcus Tullius Cicero was born on 3 January 106 BC[17] in Arpinum, a hill town 100 kilometers (62 mi) southeast of Rome. [53], His first office was as one of the twenty annual quaestors, a training post for serious public administration in a diversity of areas, but with a traditional emphasis on administration and rigorous accounting of public monies under the guidance of a senior magistrate or provincial commander. [60], Most famously – in part because of his own publicity[58] – he thwarted a conspiracy led by Lucius Sergius Catilina to overthrow the Roman Republic with the help of foreign armed forces. Powell, J.G.F. Powell, J.G.F. The first extant speech is a private case from 81 BC (the pro Quinctio), delivered when Cicero was aged 26, though he refers throughout to previous defenses he had already undertaken. John Locke, Toleration and Early Enlightenment Culture: Religious Toleration and Arguments for Religious Toleration in Early Modern and Early Enlightenment Europe", The Assassination of Julius Caesar: A People's History of Ancient Rome, "The Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites", "Mayor launches appeal to save Cicero's villa from ruin", "Caesar's Women – McCullough's Idolatry and Politics in Ancient Rome", "Robert Harris: 'I'm not sure you can be the world's superpower and remain a democracy, "1. 1962. Cicero's letters to and from various public and private figures are considered some of the most reliable sources of information for the people and events surrounding the fall of the Roman Republic. They are also never mentioned by Cicero himself, nor any of the ancient critics or grammarians who commonly refer to and quote passages from Cicero's authentic works. Heidelberg: Winter. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Loeb Classical Library. New York: Oxford University Press. Powell J. and N. Rudd.The Republic, the Laws. Cowell, F.R. As a result, the grateful Sicilians asked Cicero to prosecute Gaius Verres, a governor of Sicily, who had badly plundered the province. Cicero: De finibus bonorum et malorum. 1962. [39] In 46 or 45 BC,[40] Cicero married a young girl, Publilia, who had been his ward. Crawford, Jane W. M. Tullius Cicero: The Fragmentary Speeches, an Edition with Commentary, 2nd edition (American Philological Association, American Classical Studies no. Shackleton-Bailey, D.R. Cicero and all of his contacts and supporters were numbered among the enemies of the state, even though Octavian argued for two days against Cicero being added to the list. It was during his consulship that the second Catilinarian conspiracy attempted to overthrow the government through an attack on the city by outside forces, and Cicero suppressed the revolt by summarily and controversially executing five conspirators. De Natura Deorum. 1902. There are certain standard abbreviations used in connection with the authors and their works in Classics. Plinval. Einleitung von Andreas Graeser und Christoph Schäublin. Cicero was not included in the conspiracy, even though the conspirators were sure of his sympathy. 1906. Nach Einer Analyse Von Ciceros Laelius De Amicitia. Yon, A. L'orateur. Ruch, M. L' Hortensius. Volume 2: Commentary. Merklin, H. Cato Maior De Senectute = Cato Der Ãltere Ãber Das Alter. Contents: I. Robert Harris' novels Imperium, Lustrum (published under the name Conspirata in the United States) and Dictator comprise a three-part series based on the life of Cicero. [72] He arrived at Thessalonica, on 23 May 58 BC. Medieval philosophers were influenced by Cicero's writings on natural law and innate rights. Ãber Die Ziele Des Menschlichen Handelns = De Finibus Bonorum Et Malorum. Clarendon Press. Augustus's bad conscience for not having objected to Cicero's being put on the proscription list during the Second Triumvirate led him to aid considerably Marcus Minor's career. Cicero argued that the senatus consultum ultimum indemnified him from punishment, and he attempted to gain the support of the senators and consuls, especially of Pompey. [43] Atticus told him to come for a visit during the first weeks of his bereavement, so that he could comfort him when his pain was at its greatest. At this time, he claimed that the republic would be restored along with him. Reihnardt, T. Topica. gehalten.. Der Ausdruck Philippische Rede (Philippica) geht zurück auf die zwischen 351 v. Chr. [81] In his Oratio De Domo Sua Ad Pontifices, Cicero convinced the College of Pontiffs to rule that the consecration of his land was invalid, thereby allowing him to regain his property and rebuild his house on the Palatine. SA] De causis et signis acutorum morborum (lib. Barwick, K. Brutus. His indecision may be attributed to his sensitive and impressionable personality; he was prone to overreaction in the face of political and private change. Clodius cast the single vote against the decree. Annas, J. and R. Woolf. Lateinisch-Deutsch. [51] Soon after, Cicero again challenged Sulla, by criticising his disenfranchisement of Italian towns in a lost speech on behalf of a woman from Arretium. Haltenhoff, A. Kritik Der Akademischen Skepsis. Este livro é um tratado de teoria da ética muito popular na época da Renascença. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. 2008. [91] Besides this, he was extremely frugal in his outlays for staff and private expenses during his governorship, and this made him highly popular among the natives. Nüsslein, T. De Inventione = Ãber Die Auffindung Des Stoffes ; De Optimo Genere Oratorum = Ãber Die Beste Gattung Von Rednern. [128], Among Cicero's admirers were Desiderius Erasmus, Martin Luther, and John Locke. 1928. Testard, M. Les Devoirs. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. lipsum as it is sometimes known, is dummy text used in laying out print, graphic or web designs. His social class and loyalty to the Republic ensured that he would "command the support and confidence of the people as well as the Italian middle classes". Rackham, H. De Natura Deorum; Academica. 1997. Cicero also articulated an early, abstract conceptualization of rights, based on ancient law and custom. Higginbotham, J. [citation needed], Cicero was portrayed on the motion picture screen by British actor Alan Napier in the 1953 film Julius Caesar, based on Shakespeare's play. Hildesheim: Georg Olms 1965. 1928. 1985. Kinapenne, C. De Officiis. Loeb Classical Library. Although his marriage to Terentia was one of convenience, it is commonly known that Cicero held great love for his daughter Tullia. De Re Publica. [114] However, it was Octavian's acquiescence that had allowed Cicero to be killed, as Cicero was condemned by the new triumvirate. Cicero restored calm by his mild system of government. 1930. Cicero's defense was an indirect challenge to the dictator Sulla, and on the strength of his case, Roscius was acquitted. [49] His first major public case, of which a written record is still extant, was his 80 BC defense of Sextus Roscius on the charge of patricide. [31] Cicero's fellow students were Gaius Marius Minor, Servius Sulpicius Rufus (who became a famous lawyer, one of the few whom Cicero considered superior to himself in legal matters), and Titus Pomponius. A full series was released the following year. 2001. Ancient Rome. Falconer, W.A. Vol.I: Libri IâVIII (BT 1208, 1987); Vol.II: Libri IXâXVI (BT 1209, 1987), 1988. The famous family names of Fabius, Lentulus, and Piso come from the Latin names of beans, lentils, and peas, respectively. University of Queensland Press. 1991. Bayer, K. De Fato. Cicero was both an Italian eques and a novus homo, but more importantly he was a Roman constitutionalist.
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